Irish dancing (ID) is internationally recognized as a complex, vigorous and demanding art form that blends exceptional artistry and athleticism. The evolution of ID from parochial pastime to globally practiced art form, is an evocative reflection of the history of Ireland. The story of ID may be viewed as an embodiment of the challenges faced by the Irish nation, through periods of oppression from parties both domestic and foreign. In choreography, costuming and governance, ID serves as a microcosm of contemporary Ireland at any given time. This chapter charts the development of ID from obscure roots to the current period of the elite competitive and professional Irish dancer. By so doing, context is established for the plethora of challenges faced by the modern-day Irish dancer, teacher and parent, which is the subject of the remainder of this book.